Aplicación del protocolo MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) para monitoreo y recolección de datos para aplicaciones IoT (Internet of Things) basado en ESP32
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Date
2025-06-05
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Universidad Tecnológica Centroamericana UNITEC
Abstract
La conexión a internet de todo tipo de dispositivo electrónicos a día de hoy avanza a pasos agigantados, a esta conexión de dispositivos a internet la conocemos como el internet de las cosas, gracias a esto se pueden tener dispositivos de control y monitorización tales como sensores, actuadores, dispositivos electromecánicos, hasta dispositivos para la industria y dispositivos personales, estas tecnologías han creado nuevas áreas de desarrollo e implementación como la domótica, ha mejorado la automatización de procesos a distancia, y es utilizada en sectores como industrias de alimentos, industrias textiles, en automóviles, en dispositivos de telecomunicaciones, etc. En este proyecto se detalla como montar y utilizar un dispositivo para el internet de las cosas, comenzando con un dispositivo donde se puede monitorear la humedad y temperatura a distancia o en el hogar, hasta un dispositivo de monitoreo de gas natural y de fugas pudiendo ser aplicado a una industria, como también la aplicación de un sensor electrónico que se activa al detectar una llama por medio de un fotodiodo que puede servir en caso detectarse un incendio en cualquier área ya que al detectar dicho fenómeno estos enviaran por medio del patrón de publicación/suscripción del protocolo MQTT un tópico con una carga útil, un mensaje, el cual al estar debidamente programado donde otros sistemas pueden recibir estos datos al estar suscritos al tópico y así poder activar alarmas o dispositivos de protección para evitar daños. Para el desarrollo de este sistema de monitoreo y recolección de datos se implementó la placa de desarrollo ESP32 desarrollada por Espressif la cual es ideal para el montaje de este tipo de sistemas debido a que cuenta con la posibilidad de conexión a internet gracias a su modulo WiFi integrado y por su bajo costo en comparación con otras placas de desarrollo. El protocolo MQTT se implementó en este proyecto gracias a que es un protocolo fácil de utilizar e implementar, cabe destacar que debido a esto se ha convertido en un estándar ISO para la comunicación entre maquinas mediante el internet de las cosas, este utiliza la conexión mediante TCP/IP, por lo cual cada dispositivo conectado a un broker MQTT podrá ser identificado debido a una dirección IP. II OASIS lo describe como el protocolo MQTT diseñado como un transporte de mensajería de publicación/suscripción extremadamente ligera que es ideal para conectar dispositivos remotos con un espacio de código pequeño y un ancho de banda de red mínimo. Este protocolo de comunicación para IoT actualmente es utilizado por casi todos los sectores comerciales e industriales, algunos de los más reconocidos por esto son IBM, Amazon, Facebook y Microsoft. El proyecto realizado cuenta con una gran flexibilidad de implementación debido a que se pueden agregar cualquier tipo de sensores para el monitoreo o dispositivos de activación, todo esto gracias a la programación en la placa ESP32 y la configuración del mismo, el broker tomado para este proyecto es CloudMQTT pudiendo ser utilizado cualquier otro, pero por su precio mensual de 5$ se cuenta con los mismo elementos que cualquier otro broker, donde la única ventaja en otros con pagos más elevados es la integración de paneles de monitoreo personalizados, para esto se utilizó a la aplicación gratuita para smartphones “IoT MQTT panel” la cual permite poder crear paneles de monitoreo de los sensores y datos recibidos.
The internet connection of all kinds of electronic devices today is advancing by leaps and bounds, we know this connection of devices to the internet as the internet of things, thanks to this you can have control and monitoring devices such as sensors, actuators, electromechanical devices, even devices for industry and personal devices, these technologies have created new areas of development and implementation such as home automation, have improved remote process automation, and are used in sectors such as food industries, textile industries, in automobiles, in telecommunication devices, etc. This project details how to assemble and use a device for the internet of things, starting with a device where humidity and temperature can be monitored remotely or at home, to a natural gas and leak monitoring device that can be applied to an industry, as well as the application of an electronic sensor that is activated by detecting a flame by means of a photodiode that can be used in case a fire is detected in any area since upon detecting said phenomenon they will send through the pattern of publication/subscription of the MQTT protocol a topic with a payload, a message, which, when properly programmed, where other systems can receive this data when subscribed to the topic and thus be able to activate alarms or protection devices to avoid damage. For the development of this monitoring and data collection system, the ESP32 development board developed by Espressif was implemented, which is ideal for assembling this type of system because it has the possibility of connecting to the internet thanks to its WiFi module. integrated and for its low cost compared to other development boards. The MQTT protocol was implemented in this project thanks to the fact that it is an easy to use and implement protocol, it should be noted that due to this it has become an ISO standard for communication between machines through the Internet of Things, it uses the connection through TCP/IP, whereby each device connected to an MQTT broker can be identified by an IP address. OASIS describes it as the MQTT protocol designed as an extremely lightweight publish/subscribe messaging transport that is ideal for connecting remote devices with a small IV code space and minimal network bandwidth. This communication protocol for IoT is currently used by almost all commercial and industrial sectors, some of the most recognized for this are IBM, Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft. The project carried out has a great flexibility of implementation because any type of sensors for monitoring or activation devices can be added, all this thanks to the programming on the ESP32 board and its configuration, the broker taken for this project is CloudMQTT and any other broker can be used, but for its monthly price of $5 it has the same elements as any other broker, where the only advantage in others with higher payments is the integration of custom monitoring panels, for this it was used to the free application for smartphones "IoT MQTT panel" which allows to create monitoring panels of the sensors and data received.
The internet connection of all kinds of electronic devices today is advancing by leaps and bounds, we know this connection of devices to the internet as the internet of things, thanks to this you can have control and monitoring devices such as sensors, actuators, electromechanical devices, even devices for industry and personal devices, these technologies have created new areas of development and implementation such as home automation, have improved remote process automation, and are used in sectors such as food industries, textile industries, in automobiles, in telecommunication devices, etc. This project details how to assemble and use a device for the internet of things, starting with a device where humidity and temperature can be monitored remotely or at home, to a natural gas and leak monitoring device that can be applied to an industry, as well as the application of an electronic sensor that is activated by detecting a flame by means of a photodiode that can be used in case a fire is detected in any area since upon detecting said phenomenon they will send through the pattern of publication/subscription of the MQTT protocol a topic with a payload, a message, which, when properly programmed, where other systems can receive this data when subscribed to the topic and thus be able to activate alarms or protection devices to avoid damage. For the development of this monitoring and data collection system, the ESP32 development board developed by Espressif was implemented, which is ideal for assembling this type of system because it has the possibility of connecting to the internet thanks to its WiFi module. integrated and for its low cost compared to other development boards. The MQTT protocol was implemented in this project thanks to the fact that it is an easy to use and implement protocol, it should be noted that due to this it has become an ISO standard for communication between machines through the Internet of Things, it uses the connection through TCP/IP, whereby each device connected to an MQTT broker can be identified by an IP address. OASIS describes it as the MQTT protocol designed as an extremely lightweight publish/subscribe messaging transport that is ideal for connecting remote devices with a small IV code space and minimal network bandwidth. This communication protocol for IoT is currently used by almost all commercial and industrial sectors, some of the most recognized for this are IBM, Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft. The project carried out has a great flexibility of implementation because any type of sensors for monitoring or activation devices can be added, all this thanks to the programming on the ESP32 board and its configuration, the broker taken for this project is CloudMQTT and any other broker can be used, but for its monthly price of $5 it has the same elements as any other broker, where the only advantage in others with higher payments is the integration of custom monitoring panels, for this it was used to the free application for smartphones "IoT MQTT panel" which allows to create monitoring panels of the sensors and data received.
Keywords
Protocolo MQTT, Aplicaciones IoT, Recolección de datos, Telemetría